Dr Chris Monaghan

chris monaghan

Principal Lecturer in Law

Institute of Arts and Humanities

School of Law

Contact Details

email: c.monaghan@worc.ac.uk

Dr Chris Monaghan is a Principal Lecturer in Law and the Director of the ¹ú²úÊÓƵ’s Constitutions, Rights and Justice Research Group. Previously, Chris was the Head of the Law School at the ¹ú²úÊÓƵ. Chris is the co-convenor of the . He is the editor of and is also the co-editor of the book series.

Chris enjoys researching Constitutional Law, the role of Parliament (with an emphasis on accountability), broader notions of executive accountability, and the global use of impeachment. He also researches on the Chagos Islands legal dispute. Alongside law, he has a keen interest in constitutional and political history and is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society.

Chris has written a monograph on impeachment (Routledge 2022) which Sir Vernon Bogdanor described as ‘…original and provocative and should be read by anyone interested in British government.’ Chris has co-edited (Hart Publishing 2023), (Routledge 2024), (Springer 2018), (Routledge 2024), and (Routledge 2024). He will be co-convening (with Dr Robin Eagles of the History of Parliament Trust) a conference on the impeachment of Warren Hastings that will take place in July 2025.

He enjoys teaching law and has written textbooks on (Routledge 2022), (Pearson 2015), (Routledge 2015) and (Routledge 2013). Since 2012 Chris has been a Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. He is passionate about research led teaching and has co-edited (Routledge 2025).

Chris is happy to supervise PhD students and welcomes expressions of interest.

Current PhD Students

  • Felicity Miles, “Surrogacy Law in the UK: Should the law put children’s rights first in gestational surrogacy agreements?”

Qualifications

  • PhD in Law (King’s College London)   
  • LLM (Anglia Ruskin University)
  • Legal Practice Course (College of Law)
  • Graduate Diploma in Law (University of Hertfordshire)
  • BA (Hons) History (University of Liverpool)

Teaching Interests

Chris teaches/or has taught:

  • Public Law
  • Human Rights Law
  • European Union Law
  • Commercial Law
  • Legal Research Methods

Publications

2025 (forthcoming)

Leading Works in the History of the Constitution (Routledge 2025) (editor)

‘The Act of Settlement 1701’ in Chris Monaghan (ed), Leading Works in Constitutional History (Routledge 2025)

‘The depiction of the British constitution in caricature, 1784-1819’ (with Robert Thomas) in Chris Monaghan (ed), Leading Works in Constitutional History (Routledge 2025)

Understanding Accountability: New Perspectives on a Fractured World (Routledge 2025) (edited with Gergana Dimova and Matthew Flinders)

(Routledge 2025) (edited with Stephen Hurley)

‘The changing experience of teaching Public Law since 2010: New Labour, a novel coalition government, the Scottish referendum, Brexit and the trampling of constitutional norms’ in Chris Monaghan and Stephen Hurley (eds), (Routledge 2025)

‘UK politics and Human Rights: From New Labour’s Human Rights Act 1998 to the Conservative’s Bill of Rights Bill’ (with Josie Welsh) in Chris Monaghan and Stephen Hurley (eds), (Routledge 2025)

2024

·‘How to Weaken Executive Accountability: Trump v United States’ (2024) Judicial Review.

‘ (2024) Judicial Review.

‘’ in Albert R et al (eds) (2024) The 2023 International Review of Constitutional Reform.

‘Review of the United Kingdom’ in Albert R et al (eds) (2024) The I·CONnect- 2023 Global Review of Constitutional Law.

(Routledge 2024) (edited with Mairi O’Gorman and Laura Jeffery).

‘The British courts and the Chagos story: an exercise in colonial justice’ in Jeffery L, Monaghan C, and O’Gorman M (eds) Challenges and Prospects for the Chagos Archipelago (with Satvinder Juss).

(Routledge 2024) (edited with Matthew Flinders and Aziz Huq).

(Routledge 2024) (edited with Matthew Flinders).

‘Impeachment in the United Kingdom:’ in Monaghan C, Flinders M and Huq A (eds), Impeachment in a Global Context: Law, Politics and Comparative Practice (Routledge 2024).

‘The Nineteenth Century and Beyond: The Existence of the Threat of Impeachment’ in Monaghan, C and Flinders (eds), M. British Origins and American Practice of Impeachment (Routledge 2024).

‘Impeachment during the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries’ in Monaghan, C and Flinders (eds), M. British Origins and American Practice of Impeachment (Routledge 2024).

2023

‘Review of the United Kingdom’ in Albert R et al (eds) (2023) The 2022 International Review of Constitutional Reform.

‘Review of the United Kingdom’ in Albert R et al (eds) (2023) .

(2023) 33(6) The Law and Politics Book Review 83-88.

(with a foreword by Lord Neuberger) (Hart Publishing 2023) (edited with Matthew Flinders).

‘Questions of Control: Accountability in the Shadow of Prorogation’ in Monaghan, C and Flinders, M (eds), Questions of Accountability: Prerogatives, Power and Politics (with a foreword by Lord Neuberger) (Hart Publishing 2023) (co-authored with Josie Welsh).

‘Accountability Matters’ in Monaghan, C and Flinders, M (eds), Questions of Accountability: Prerogatives, Power and Politics (with a foreword by Lord Neuberger) (Hart Publishing 2023) (co-authored with Matthew Flinders).

‘Questions Still to be Answered’ in Monaghan, C and Flinders, M (eds), Questions of Accountability: Prerogatives, Power and Politics (with a foreword by Lord Neuberger) (Hart Publishing 2023) (co-authored with Matthew Flinders).

‘The fight to achieve full decolonisation: Mauritius versus the United Kingdom’ in G. Baldacchino (ed), States (Routledge 2023).

(2023) 27(4) Judicial Review 337

‘Margit Cohn, A Theory of the Executive Branch: Tension and Legality (Oxford University Press 2021) i-xi, pp 1-329’ (2023) (1) Public Law 154-157

2022

‘Review of the United Kingdom’ in Albert R et al (eds) (2022) .

(2022) 27(3) Judicial Review 264

(Routledge 2022)

‘, U.K. Const. L. Blog (26th January 2022). Re-published in an updated version by , March 2022.

‘, PSA Parliaments Blog, 20th January 2022.

‘’, U.K. Const. L. Blog (12th January 2022).

, 16th November 2021 (with Caroline Bhattacharya and Alexandra Meakin)

2021

(Routledge 2021)

‘“’ (2021) (26)(2) Judicial Review 134

‘’ (2021) 26 (1) Judicial Review 62

2020

‘’ in T Burri and J Trinidad (eds), The International Court of Justice and Decolonization: New Directions from the Chagos Advisory Opinion (Cambridge University Press, 2020).

‘.’ (2020) 43(4) Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies 544.

2019

‘’ [2019] 24(2) Coventry Law Journal 7-24.

2018

‘’ in Monaghan C and Monaghan N (eds.) Financial Crime and Corporate Misconduct: A Critical Evaluation of Fraud Legislation (Routledge 2018)

‘’ in Monaghan C and Monaghan N (eds.) Financial Crime and Corporate Misconduct: A Critical Evaluation of Fraud Legislation (Routledge 2018)

Fifty Years of The British Indian Ocean Territory: Legal Perspectives (Springer 2018) (with Stephen Allen)

‘’ in Allen, S and Monaghan, C (eds.) Fifty Years of The British Indian Ocean Territory: Legal Perspectives (Springer 2018)

(2018) 16(2) Political Studies Review 83

(2018) 16(2) Political Studies Review 84

2016

(2016) 36(1) Legal Studies 163

2015

Monaghan C, ‘’ [2015] 4 Criminal Law Review 270-277

Monaghan C, ’ [2015] 15 (3) International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 178-188

(Pearson: 2015)

(Routledge: 2015)

‘’ [2015] (13) (2) Political Studies Review 296-297

2014

‘’ [2014] (19) 3 Judicial Review 151-159

‘Royal remains, the Burial Act 1857 and is there a common law duty to consult’ [2014] 19(1) Coventry Law Journal 51-55

‘The aggrieved blogger and the local authority chief executive: can the use of the term slush fund be anything but defamatory’ [2014] 19(1) Coventry Law Journal 62-66

[2014] Common Law World Review 272-277

[2014] 34(2) Legal Studies 361-369

2013

‘ [2013] 18(4) Judicial Review 388-402

‘The Chagossians go to Strasbourg’ [2013] (3) European Human Rights Law Review 314-325

(Routledge 2013) (with Nicola Monaghan)

‘The Beecroft Report, the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013, the employee share scheme and beyond: are recent proposals a controversial panacea or an erosion of employees' rights?’ [2013] The Company Lawyer 305-312

‘Where to bury Richard III? Judicial review and the ‘ownership’ of a king’s remains’ [2013] 18(2) Coventry Law Journal 33-42

2012

(Wildy, Simmonds and Hill 2012) (edited with Neal Geach)

‘Lord Mance’s dissent in R (Bancoult) v Secretary of State for Foreign & Commonwealth Affairs (No2) [2008] UKHL 61’ in Monaghan, C. & Geach, N (eds.) (Wildy, Simmonds and Hill: 2012) 239-262

‘Lord Hobhouse’s dissent in R v Hinks [2000] UKHL 53’ in Monaghan, C. & Geach, N (eds.) Dissenting Judgments in the Law: with a foreword by Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead (Wildy, Simmonds and Hill: 2012) 289-316

‘Lord Bingham’s dissent in Golden Straight Corpn v Nippon Yusen Kubishika Kaisha (The Golden Victory) [2007] UKHL 12’ in Monaghan, C. & Geach, N (eds.) Dissenting Judgments in the Law: with a foreword by Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead (Wildy, Simmonds and Hill: 2012) 105-124

‘Illegal contracts and discrimination’ [2012] 12 (6) International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 109-116

‘Justifying direct age discrimination: when will a mandatory retirement age not amount to direct age discrimination? Seldon v Clarkson Wright and Jakes [2012] UKSC 16’ [2012] (6) Journal of Business Law 479 - 485

‘Voluntary Harmonisation of European Sales Law? The Common European Sales Law and the effect it will have on cross-border transactions’ [2012] (33) The Company Lawyer 111-114

‘The recovery of losses for a lawful withdrawal of a vessel under a time charterparty: Petroleo Brasileiro S.A v E.N.E. Kos 1 Limited [2012] UKSC 17’ [2012] BPP University Research Paper 1-12

‘Letters of credit and disputes about jurisdiction and choice of law: Petrologic Capital SA v Banque de Genève & another [2012] EWHC 454 (Comm)’ [2012] BPP University Research Paper 1-8

2011

‘In Defence of Intrinsic Human Rights: Edmund Burke’s controversial prosecution of Warren Hastings, Governor-General of Bengal’ [2011] (2) Law, Crime and History 58-107

' [2011] (20) Information & Communications Technology Law 103-114

‘Hayton and Mitchell: Commentary and Cases on the Law of Trusts and Equitable Remedies’ [2011] 25(4) Trust Law International 231-233

‘Fraud and the Juror’ [2011] Dictum 32

2010

, [2010] (74) Journal of Criminal Law, 259 - 278

‘When does imitation become passing off?’ [2010] (31) The Company Lawyer 188

‘Fraudsters? Putting parents in the dock’ [2010] Criminal Law and Justice Weekly

‘’ [2010] (1) Criminal Bar Quarterly 10 (with Nicola Haralambous)

2009

‘Fraudulent Education’ [2009] (173) Criminal Law and Justice Weekly 812

‘Wide of the mark’ [2009] (153) Solicitors Journal 12

‘Consumer rights and wrongs’ [2009] (159) New Law Journal 1377

Conference Papers

‘’, International Law in the UK: A Troubled Relationship, 8 November 2024, ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, Worcester, UK.

‘Extreme Times and Constitutional Imagination: The Franco-British Union of 1940 and what might have been’, 120 Years of Entente Cordiales, University Panthéon-Assas, Paris, 23-24thMay 2024.

‘So, you want to safeguard the constitution? Rethinking accountability and the role of academics’, presented at the UKCLA Constitutional Accountability conference, University of Liverpool, September 2023.

‘The Rule of Law and the Protection of Constitutional Rights: Magna Carta, Begum, Unison and beyond’, presented at the Rights and Justice: In Theory and Practice conference, ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, September 2023.

‘Justice in a Changing Constitutional Landscape’ (with Dr Josie Welsh), presented at the Rights and Justice: In Theory and Practice conference, ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, September 2023.

‘UK politics and Human Rights: From New Labour’s Human Rights Act 1998 to the Conservative’s Bill of Rights Bill’ (with Dr Josie Welsh), presented at the Teaching of Rights and Justice in the Law School: Challenges and Opportunities for Research Led Teaching workshop, ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, June 2023.

‘Embedding human rights as part of the Law Degree: Challenges, opportunities and promoting social responsibility’ presented at the ¹ú²úÊÓƵ Student Experience Conference, June 2023.

‘The “British” Courts and the Chagos Story: British Justice, Colonial Mindsets, and Finding a Voice (Dr Chris Monaghan and Professor Satvinder Juss)’ presented at the Challenges and Prospects for the Chagos Archipelago Conference, ¹ú²úÊÓƵ and University of Edinburgh, May 2023.

‘The changing experience of teaching Public Law since 2010’ presented at Reimagining Public Law: Teaching the constitution in a permacrisis, University of Birmingham, May 2023 (invited speaker).

‘Moral Accountability’ (Dr Chris Monaghan and Professor Matthew Flinders) presented at the Accountability with Adjectives Workshop, University of Sheffield and ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, April 2023.

‘Reflecting on a constitutional controversy: new perspectives on the House of Lords’ decision in R (on the application of Bancoult) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (No.2) [2008] UKHL 61’ presented at the ICON Society Annual Conference, University of Wroclaw, July 2022.

‘Power and the Constitution’, ICON Great Britain and Ireland Chapter Conference, Trinity College Dublin, April 2022 (with Josie Welsh)

‘Checking Executive Power: The Possible Role for Impeachment and the Constitution’ presented at the Political Studies Association Annual Conference, University of York, April 2022.

‘What ever happened to impeachment in the United Kingdom? Accountability, history and the decline of parliamentary impeachment’ PSA Parliaments Annual Conference, University of Birmingham, November 2021.

‘Questions of Control: Accountability in the Shadow of Prorogation’ Questions of Accountability Conference, ¹ú²úÊÓƵ and University of Sheffield, November 2021 (with Josie Welsh).

‘Looking again at Miller No.2’ presented the 25th Anniversary of the Coventry Law Journal Conference, Coventry University, October 2021.

‘What are the comparative lessons for how a reformed version of impeachment might operate in the United Kingdom?’ presented at the Global Constitutional Forum, University of Texas, January 2021.

‘A proposal for reviving impeachment within the United Kingdom's constitution: an accountability mechanism or a historical relic?’ presented at the Society of Legal Scholars Conference, University of Exeter, September 2020.

‘¹ú²úÊÓƵ’s Women’s Legal History Project’ (with Professor Sarah Greer, Daniel Maiden, Mollie Sheehy and Georgie Cooper), presented at the Association of Law Teachers Conference, Keele University, March 2018

‘Beyond the appropriate boundaries of criminalisation. An empirical review of the use of the Fraud Act 2006 and other criminal offences within the school application system’, presented at The Fraud Act 2006 – Ten Years On workshop, ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, January 2017

‘Peacham’s Case and the Case of Commendams: Sir Edward Coke CJ’s defence of judicial independence and ultimate dismissal’, presented at the British Legal History Conference, University of Reading, July 2015

‘Revisiting Lord Mance’s dissent in R (Bancoult) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (No.2) in the 800th year of Magna Carta’, presented at the Chagos Litigation: A Socio-Legal Dialogue Conference, June 2015

‘Public Law beyond the classroom: exploring opportunities for engagement and interaction – how can we prepare for the next fifty years of legal education?’, presented at the Association of Law Teachers Conference, Cardiff, March 2015

‘Public Law in Context – practical approaches to teaching and engaging students in the classroom’, presented at the Annual Learning and Teaching Conference, University of Greenwich, January 2015

‘Twitter and Higher Education – How to engage with fellow academics and students?’ (with Zoe Swan), presented at the Annual Learning and Teaching Conference, University of Greenwich, January 2015

‘The socio-legal legacy of the Chagos litigation’, presented at the Socio-Legal Studies Association Conference, Robert Gordon University, April 2014

‘Salvaging impeachment - is there any merit in reviving impeachment for the United Kingdom's Constitution?’, presented at the Society of Legal Scholars Conference, University of Bristol, September 2012

‘Coalition Government, The Spending Cuts and Executive Accountability under the UK Constitution’, presented at the Socio-Legal Studies Association Conference, De Montfort University, April 2012

‘The seven year long Impeachment Trial of Warren Hasting, Governor-General of Bengal and complicit facilitator-in-chief’, presented at the Society of Legal Scholars Conference, University of Southampton, September 2010

‘Once More unto the Breach, Dear Friends, Once More; the Continuing Saga of Anti-Doping and Strict Liability’ (with John O’Leary), presented at the Socio-Legal Studies Association Conference, University of the West of England, April 2010

Public Lectures, Panel Discussions and Research Seminars

In: Battle of Worcester Society, 29 October 2024, The Glass Room, The Hive, Worcester.

In: ¹ú²úÊÓƵ’s Constitution, Rights and Justice Research Group, 6pm (UK Time), 2 October 2024, Online. (Unpublished)

In: Pint of Science Festival 2024: Who makes the rules? Brief Lessons on the UK constitution, 14 May 2024, Francini Cafe de Colombia, 14 Angel Place, Worcester WR1 3QN. (Unpublished)

· ‘Book Launch: Impeachment in a Global Context’, Harvard University, 8 February 2024 (speakers Gerald L. Neuman, Imelda Deinla, and Aziz Z. Huq).

‘Impeachment, the Stuarts, and the road to the English Civil War: what can the seventeenth century tell us about how impeachment might operate today’ The Battle of Worcester Society, The Commandery, Worcester, August 2022

‘Colonial Mindsets and the Legacy of Empire: The United Kingdom, Mauritius and the Chagos Islands’ The Hive, Worcester, June 2022.

‘Wargaming a hypothetical impeachment under the proposed Impeachment Act’, Research Seminar, King’s College London, February 2022.

‘Ukraine Discission Panel’ ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, March 2022 (with Nicoleta Cinpoes and Dr Paddy McNally).

‘How might a modern impeachment process work in the United Kingdom? Exploring the blueprint for a revised procedure’ Study of Parliament Group Annual Conference, University of Oxford, January 2022 (Poster presentation).

‘Presidential Accountability – the problems and use of impeachment’, Questions of Accountability Conference, ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, November 2021 (panel discussion) (with Frank Bowman, Karen Popp, Richard Albert and Joshua Matz).

‘Impeachment reimagined: Drawing upon history to empower the UK House of Commons’, Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History, University of Toronto, October 2021.

‘Using oral history to add new perspectives to the Bancoult litigation’, Summer Research Workshop, ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, July 2021.

‘Re-imagining Impeachment within the United Kingdom’s Constitutional System’ School of Humanities Research Seminar, ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, September 2020.

‘Women’s Legal History – A Centenary of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919’ (with Professor Rosemary Auchmuty, Professor Sarah Greer, Georgie Cooper and Samuel Evans), ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, February 2020

Before 2020

‘The Chagos Litigation: Panel Discussion’ (Convener) ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, November 2019

‘Impeachment within a medieval context’ School of Humanities Research Seminar, ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, October 2019

‘The United Kingdom’s constitution in flux – can the courts resolve this ‘constitutional crisis’?’ Democracy Day (with HH Toby Hooper QC, Bill Davies, Samuel Evans and Josie Kemeys) ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, September 2019

‘The Bancoult litigation at the UK Supreme Court’ School of Law Research Seminar, ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, November 2017

‘Access to Justice as a fundamental legal principle and Tribunal Fees: panel discussion on the UK Supreme Court’s decision in the UNISON case (R (on the application of UNISON) v Lord Chancellor [2017] UKSC 51)’ (with HH Toby Hooper QC and Stephen Hurley), ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, October 2017

‘The Chagos Archipelago: International Law, Human Rights and the Legacy of Colonialism’ delivered a guest lecture for the Open University’s LLM programme, 30 June 2017

‘Enemies of the People?’ Hay International Festival (30 May 2017) (with HH Toby Hooper QC, Professor Penny Darbyshire, David Shaw and Bill Davies)

‘An analysis of the decision in R (on the application of Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [2016] EWHC 2768 (Admin) (The Article 50 Case)’ (with HH Toby Hooper QC), ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, December 2016

‘The 400th Anniversary of the Dismissal of Sir Edward Coke – a Reappraisal’, School of Law Research Seminar, ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, November 2016

‘The implications of BREXIT’ Panel Discussion, ¹ú²úÊÓƵ, November 2016

‘The Future of the United Kingdom – Constitutional Revolution, Devolution and Scope for Confusion?’, Staff Research Seminar, University of Greenwich, November 2014

‘Using Twitter as part of your professional practice’ (with Zoe Swan), University of Greenwich, September 2014

‘Dissenting Judgments – the importance of dissent in English Law’ (with Professor Ian Loveland, Professor Catharine MacMillan, Neal Geach), Fresh Perspectives on the Law, BPP University, June 2013

‘The Chagos Islands – the Ultimate Stretching on the Prerogative’, Fresh Perspectives on the Law, BPP University, October 2012

November 2012 (Doughty Street Chambers & Urban Lawyers) – panel discussion on Commercial Law and practice

‘The proposed new Common European Sales Law – a first step towards a compulsory European Contract Law or a positive step in protecting consumers and small businesses?’, BPP University, March 2012

Media Appearances

Interviewed on Free Radio Worcestershire and Herefordshire about the triggering of Article 50.

Interviewed on Free Radio Worcestershire and Herefordshire about the decision in R (Miller) v Prime Minister.

Internal Roles

Current responsibilities

  • Director of Constitutions, Rights and Justice Research Group at the ¹ú²úÊÓƵ.
  • Chair – Education, Culture and Society Proportionate Review Panel.
  • Deputy Chair – Education, Culture and Society Research Ethics Panel.
  • Member of the ¹ú²úÊÓƵ’s Research, Integrity & Governance Committee.

Previous responsibilities

  • Head of the School of Law
  • School of Law’s Research Lead.
  • Co-convenor (with Dr Lucy Arnold and Dr Wendy Toon) of the School of Humanities Research Seminar Series.
  • Co-led (with Professor Sarah Greer) the from 2017-2020 which trained and supported students in carrying out research and publishing it in the form of high-profile blog posts (with the ). I have also worked on a project in 2017/2018 which saw collaboration between law and paramedic student and was praised by the university as the ‘first truly interdisciplinary project”.

External Roles

Current responsibilities

  • Co-convenor of the
  • Trustee of the Constitution Society.
  • External examiner at Lancaster University.
  • External examiner at the University of Stirling.
  • Editor of the Routledge Studies in Law, Rights and Justice book series.
  • Co-editor of the book series , the other co-editors being Professor Matthew Flinders, Dr Ellen Rock and Professor Thomas Schillemans.

Previous responsibilities

  • Communications Officer (2021-23) for the PSA Parliaments Specialist Group, which won the award for the in 2022.
  • External examiner at the University of Wolverhampton.
  • External examiner at Birmingham City University.
  • Critical reviewer for the Open University.
  • External consultant work for King’s College London as part of the creation of a new postgraduate master’s programme.
  • External for the validation of degree programmes for Birmingham City University.
  • External for the validation of degree programmes for University of Greenwich.
  • External consultant for the British Library’s National Life Stories: Legal Lives Project and awarded £3,000.
  • Reviewer for Hart Publishing, Oxford University Press, University of Kansas Press, International Relations, Journal of Legislative Studies, Anthropology Today, Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies, University Press of Kansas, Edinburgh University Press, Routledge, and Heliyon.